Applied Economics Australian Bureau of Statistics

Question: Talk about theApplied Economics for Australian Bureau of Statistics. Answer: The AE is one of the realized strategies used in the calculation of the all out whole of all the monetary exercises in Australia economy also called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The GDP is noteworthy since it is a proportion of the monetary development and it is shown up at by count utilizing the Aggregate Expenditure Model appeared beneath which shows the diagramming of the genuine , potential GPD and the harmony point (Y*). Presentation In view of the information drawn from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), this paper tries to embrace a more profound assessment of the commitment of all the different parts of total consumption in the Australian economy since 2009. Secured on a similar data, a sharp thought of where the Australian economy may by and by be in the business cycle is made just as an introduction of an extensive examination prefaced on total interest (AD) close by total flexibly (AS) is advertised. At long last, a concise thought of the approach ramifications of Australian economy position in the business cycle is additionally administered. Understanding Components of Aggregate Expenditure (AE) in Australia The parts of AE in Australia include family unit utilization, government buy, net fares (sends out imports) and business speculations. The utilization for this situation is the family unit utilization over a given period while government buy is the consumption sum by government which involves moves and foundation that raise the absolute spending in the economy. The net fares is the all out fares less the complete imports. Business venture depicts the acquisition of genuine capital which is used in the creation of its items and administrations (Makin, 2010). Despite the fact that numerous an extraordinary extent of people view venture as acquisition of protections trading off stocks and securities, this cash is in the end used by organizations in the creation of wares. Something else, money related instruments could never win any ROI in case such money is utilized to create pay from genuine administrations and products. The AE is the summation of absolute spending on the Australian economys all out yield, consequently, imports are deducted from trades as the sum spent on imported products or administrations is the sum which isn't spent on the yield of the economy. The AE is, in this manner, given by Consumption in addition to Investment in addition to Government buys in addition to Net Exports (trades imports). The condition for total use becomes Y=C+I+G+(X-M) = Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Contrasting Aggregate Expenditure with GDP Examining the Contributions of Each Component of AE Family Consumption The family utilization in Australia is going by more established people who have expanded a lot of complete use over the past two decades portraying both a maturing populace just as emerging normal use of the more established people comparative with the remainder of the family unit. The spending in Australia is similarly circulated comparative with pay crossways families because of more seasoned people groups capacity to get just as spare simultaneously. All things considered, the utilization dissimilarity in Australian has been minimal adjusted despite an ascent in salary divergence over the ongoing decades. Both extra cash and genuine per capita utilization in Australia have developed by a mean of near two percent yearly right from the mid 1980s. By the by, the total examples can veil huge modifications in the spending and pay dissemination crossways family units after some time. The as of late discharged ABS new distributional information on family salary and utilization for the year 2009/10 coordinated the family level data drawn from the Household Expenditures Survey (HES) just as the Survey of Income and Housing (SIH) just because with the total information from the national records (Mankiw, 2010). The data distributed were steady with the national records identifying with family utilization and pay dissemination. Government Spending Administration of Australia mediate in the economy to achieve different arrangement results, for example, managing market disappointments and improvement of social value by means of redistribution of the assets. The Australian government utilizes the immediate consumption as a key system for strategy execution. The administration of Australia utilizes a straightforward spending system which better permits the network to consider them responsible for their arrangements and choices. The open use and factual error can be delineated in the table underneath dependent on the utilization rates. Government open State and neighborhood Government open State and open Factual error Gross domestic product Blemish 2009 0.0 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 1.0 0.8 Jun-2009 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 - 0.4 0.7 Sep-2009 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 Dec-2009 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.9 From the above table, it is recognized that government open speculation adversely added to the absolute spending over the basic March 2009 quarter. This can be appeared as - 0.1. The absolute open consumption emerged therefore following the most noticeably terrible of the GFC had passed because of authoritative postponements in the usage of foundation of the use. The above figure shows that the net commitments of utilization summarizing to 0.4 percent was lacking to offset the negative commitments from the speculation of 0.6% as stayed mediocre compared to the commitment from the net fare of 2.1% (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2010). The negative 0.1% shows the factual inconsistency between the GDP estimated by Aggregate Expenditure and the GDP (A) measure in the March 2009 quarter being huge by verifiable principles. As needs be, there was an exaggeration of estimated consumption contrasted with estimated creation. With the information on size of this error, an overwhelming uncertainty is thrown in regards to the life of the GDP (E) arrangement from March quarter. In any case, such a particular GDP arrangement is basic to achieving the positive genuine GDP (A) result which approves the case that Australia economy sidestepped downturn at the specific time. Business Investment The above table likewise demonstrates that open speculation by State and Local government antagonistically added to the total use in March 2009 quarters appeared by - 0.2. Net (Exports less Imports) As saw in March 2009 quarters, unmistakably net fare was the significant supporter of the Australian GDP development. The net fares reduced genuine spending development in quarters before and following the GFC struck. The clarification for this solid net Australian fare result is the supported genuine swapping scale deterioration of more than twenty-five percent in exchange weighted terms during the March 2009. Such a deterioration came about to a modest fare manageability for the abroad purchasers though the imports got costly for the neighborhood buyers. A supported interest for merchandise and ventures from realized Asian Australian accomplices including China over a similar period. Business Cycle The business cycle is a key factor of the administration spending as balance out capacity of the business cycle raises the administration spending to counterbalance misfortunes in the AE. For example, the making of the new government foundation projections during the troughs or the downturns. The programmed changes because of business cycles will consequently direct the degrees of government spending in specific territories. The low financial movement, for example, troughs and downturns add to expanded degrees of joblessness prompting higher government spending on standardized savings and government assistance other than all the more subsidizing being required for enlarged weights on the open offices like open medical clinics just as state funded instruction frameworks. To analyze the condition of the Australian economy in the business cycle, we can begin by take a gander at the joblessness rate. This rate has increased gradually over the recent years to a degree which is high contrasted with its ongoing history. There is ae steady with the underneath pattern development of financial exercises over the period. The development of this exchanging period is likely to stay beneath the pattern. All things considered, the estimate demonstrates development will get gradually to an above-pattern speed this year. Signs exist showing better development in specific pieces of the non-mining economy, which is upheld by the low level of paces of intrigue. At the point when the monetary action is being estimated, a sharp consideration is centered around the total GDP which is applicable given that it is an itemized proportion of the action from the national records. The records of the June quarter as reflected in the national records perceived an ascent in GDP development over the past money related year to a speed which was near pattern. Walk Qtr to June Qtr 2016 % change June Qtr 2015 to June Qtr 2016 Gross domestic product Chain Volume: Pattern Occasionally balanced 0.7 0.5 3.1 Last utilization spending (chain volume measure) Pattern Occasionally balanced 0.8 0.8 3.2 3.2 Net fixed capital development (chain volume measure) Pattern Occasionally balanced - - - 3.4 - 4.5 Gross domestic product chain value file: Unique 0.9 0.3 Terms of Trade: Occasionally balanced 2.3 - 5.4 Genuine net national discretionary cashflow Pattern Occasionally balanced 1.0 0.6 2.1 2.3 By the by, the most recent yearly national records information discharged coordinated a downturn correction to the GDP development to 2.5 percent in the year-normal terms for 2013/2014. Such a rate was comparable

Philosophy of Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory of Ethics - Research Paper Example The case rotates around these issues of honesty and the profound quality and morals attached to making housing for bigotry and yielding to the supremacist predispositions of customers and their networks when settling on counseling and business choices (Chapter 21, n.d., pp. 203-204) The main moral issue has to do with the morals of Mr. Wileys request that recruiting a dark expert for the activity at the lodging would not agree with a regressive network as the one that is available in the island. It is in reverse as in it can't endure having a Black individual accomplishing the work, paying little mind to the people capabilities, and paying little heed to the way that Mr. Wiley regards Lenore and the counseling group that she has. The moral issue here can be refined into an inquiry: Is it moral to not employ an individual in view of his shading/race, despite the fact that he is the most qualified for the work? The second moral issue radiates from the first. At the point when Mr. Wiley demanded that recruiting a Black advisor won't work, Lenore surrenders and suggests a white expert rather, despite the fact that Dave Maverick, the dark individual, is the most qualified by her own proficient estimation. The moral issue is it moral for Lenore to yield to the interes t of Mr. Wiley and make a proposal dependent on skin shading instead of on who is best equipped for the work? (Section 21, n.d., pp. 203-204) There are two arrangements of partners here that are applicable for the reasons for the moral investigation, one set comprising of the lodging representatives, visitors and the Elura occupants encompassing the inn, just as the visitors; and the other set comprising of the specialists working for Lenore. Making a stride back, the moral hypotheses to manage the examination community on Kantian morals and Kants hypothesis of obligation. As indicated by Kant, that which is good or moral is what is directed by our obligations, implying that an activity is esteemed set in stone contingent upon

Cambodian Sex Trade

To the undeveloped eye, Cambodia is an intriguing excursion goal with old urban communities, intense hues, incredible sanctuaries and amazing excellence. What you don’t see is the ghastly violations that are going on away from public scrutiny. Inside the universe of Cambodian kid sex dealing, every year, by certain appraisals, countless young ladies and young men are purchased, sold or hijacked and afterward compelled to engage in sexual relations with developed men. MSNBC news) Human dealing or cutting edge servitude is the quickest developing criminal industry on the planet; and as I would see it, least examined and forestalled. Explicitly the youngster sex exchange is a pestilence not perceived by Americans about enough. Unborn youngsters in South Korea are being sold by their pregnant moms over the web. What befalls these kids after they are sold is obscure. They can be offered to individuals who are hoping to embrace yet making some hard memories being affirmed, or more probable conditions, they end up in a darker spot; the human sex dealing world. The illicit offer of kids makes up the greater part of the considerable number of instances of human dealing the world over, as indicated by ongoing evaluations. (Al-Jazeera/News Europe) Traditionally it has included the misuse of kids in less fortunate countries, similar to Cambodia, Vietnam and India however there are discoveries of an ever increasing number of cases among created nations, for example, America. There are innumerable misused kids that are unaccounted for around the globe; Argentina’s youngster grabbing plague, Turkey’s seriously high number of missing kids, which has expanded yearly, Sri Lanka’s kids being taken from their homes to be â€Å"child soldiers†, South Korean selling of infants, Bangladesh’s kid ladies who are sold by their families and removed by their significantly senior â€Å"husbands† and never knew about again to list a couple. Twenty years prior the United Nations received the Convention of the Rights of the Child. The CRC or UNCRC, it sets out the common, political, monetary, social and social privileges of kids. As of December 2008, 193 signatories had confirmed it, including each individual from the UN with the exception of the U. S. also, Somalia. The settlement limits the association of youngsters in military clashes and precludes the offer of kids, kid prostitution and kid sex entertainment. The UNCRC has been utilized as a plan for kid insurance enactment around the globe. Be that as it may, as should be obvious, the bargain's guarantee to ensure kids has not generally been kept. In the wake of viewing an Al Jazeera News broadcasting, in a meeting with a lady who might know superior to anybody about abused kids the world over; Lisa Laumann from Save the Children Charity expressed â€Å"Intergovernmental associations like the United Nations give the structure around which governments can meet up to concur on what great practice is and how governments ought to carry on legitimately in the interest of their residents, however it's up to the administrations themselves to draft that enactment, build up the frameworks and foundations that ensure those rights. (Lisa Laumann, from Save the Children good cause, Al Jazeera Interview) Laumann likewise proceeds to state, â€Å"There additionally must be an exertion made to support networks, families and youngsters themselves, to comprehend what rights mean for them and how they can bolster them. † (Lisa Laumann) I feel so unequivocally more exertion should be advanced, and that something should be done soon about this pandemic that is given a visually impaired eye. Individuals should be taught about what is happening on the planet, yet directly here in America. In spite of what Americans bialy decide to overlook; it’s going on in Connecticut, and potentially New Haven at this very moment. At the point when you stroll by the missing youngsters advertisements and see those youthful girls’ (and young men) faces, they might not have fled from home, possibly they were strongly taken, and being constrained into kid prostitution. Or on the other hand, another situation, possibly they ran away from home, fell into a little difficulty as a confused youthful female, and are in a way of life they are experiencing issues escaping. These are cases more typical than you would might suspect. Sex-the travel industry, or travel to participate in sex or sexual action with whores, commonly attempted globally by vacationers from wealthier nations has become a multibillion-dollar industry. However, the business isn't about grown-up prostitution. There are a few spots you may have never caught wind of, infamous spots, the sort of spots a sexual stalker would travel most of the way around the globe to reach - goals like a dusty town in Southeast Asia, where the prey is ample and simple to follow. My concentration for this paper will be on Cambodia. This nation has the most noteworthy sum measurably announced of youngsters in the kid sex exchange, in a meeting with Chris Hansen of Dateline NBC, with Mu Soc Hua, Cambodia’s clergyman of ladies' undertakings, Hua expresses that there is a stunning number of â€Å"†¦around 30,000 young ladies in the sex-exchange industry, and in spite of the fact that Cambodia has a ton of issues, I rank sexual exchange, sexual misuse of our kids as top †on the highest priority on my rundown. I’ve likewise picked Cambodia as a result of a different meeting/narrative I’ve watched where a licensed news channel, Dateline NBC goes covert with a human rights gathering to uncover the sex dealing in Cambodia, and they really finish a sensational activity to save the kids, and take the measures to have the â€Å"pimps† or people that run these whorehouses captured alongside an American specialist who is buying these young ladies for sex to be arraigned. I’d like to talk about the two parts of this wrongdoing, the merchant and the purchaser. Many, if not the majority of the men purchasing these misused young ladies in Cambodia are Americans-believing that they're associated with simply prostitution, however by any definition it is assault. (Dateline NBC news) Prostitution in Cambodia is illicit, however finding a sweetheart for the night at a dance club could be as straightforward as a couple of words, a couple of dollars, and a walk around the entryway. The makers and specialists of NBC start their excursion inside this dull world, opposite what resembles a neighborhood bistro, yet actually a whorehouse. You see many misleading houses of ill-repute that to the undeveloped eye, have all the earmarks of being bistros, clubs or gated retail facades along the boulevards of the once-over town Svay Pak, on the edges of the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh. Svay Pak is infamous for youngster dealing, and it just takes a couple of moments for a pimp to move toward the covert correspondents. The pimp ends up being a fifteen-year-old kid who tells the correspondents he's experienced childhood in the town and even presents his mom †who knows precisely what he's up to and takes a cut of the cash he gets. Po tells the journalists he can get them young ladies who are considerably more youthful than the ones they’ve seen so far in the outing. Also, in spite of all they’ve seen, they’re staggered at exactly how youthful he says they are †8-year-olds. It's difficult to accept, and much harder to stomach. The component of a fifteen-year-old kid advancing the deals of conceivably his sisters or cousins is confounding. He is doing the selling of a young lady who is a similar age as he, and could be in his school class. Is there an association among male and female status and does sex assume a job, or hold a higher status comparable to dealing is something I will be investigating further in this paper. ) He carries them through certain rear entryways to a feeble house so they can see with their own eyes. The grimy essences of the young ladies are seen through the shadows on the narrative, and young ladies shoes litter the house. The house is protected by people, vigo rously equipped with firearms, plainly obvious when the makers stroll in. In the narrative, the entirety of the locals, youngsters and grown-ups the same know somewhat English. At the point when they talk about sex, they utilize basic kid like terms anybody can comprehend. â€Å"Yum-yum† implies oral sex. â€Å"Boom-boom† implies intercourse. They meet many kids at the different houses of ill-repute they enter. One young lady that truly grabbed my eye all through the narrative was a young lady that said she's nine, joined by another who says she's ten. Both state they realize how to perform oral sex. What's more, they even tell the columnists the amount it will cost: sixty-dollars for two young ladies. A pimp says,† If two young ladies aren't sufficient, what about three? (Dateline NBC news) It is shocking, and a horrid reality the idea of what is done to these blameless, little youngsters when it isn’t covert American makers doing the purchasing. Furthermore, interestingly, there would’ve been no future for these young ladies if the makers of NBC alongside Bob Mosier, the International Justice Mission’s boss special ist hadn’t stepped in. In making sense of with regards to why these young ladies are being sold or taken from their families in any case, I’m investigating what status the male and female jobs hold in a family. For instance, in Japan it is favored by guardians to have a child over a little girl due to the one infant law, just permitting one kid to a family unit. This implies, it’s progressively alluring to have a child to carry on the family name and get training, contradicted to a little girl who offers. In Cambodia, females will in general be discussed as being â€Å"relatively equal† to men, however with little conversation of how this fairness is identified with the bigger image of progressive social association. Judy Ledgerwood 120) However, sex is just one of a scope of components that impacts where an individual is positioned in Khmer society. From one perspective girls are assume to be ensured, on the other, a high school little girl may bike every day to the city to offer vegetables to help bolster the family; or a young lady may move into the city to

Managing the International Value Chain in the Automotive...

Managing the International Value Chain in the Automotive Industry Strategy, Structure, and Culture Stefan Schmid, Philipp Grosche Table of contents Foreword Authors Acknowledgments International value chains: Current trends and future needs, as exemplified by the automotive industry 1. Internationalizationofthevaluechainintheautomotiveindustry 2. Configurationandcoordinationascrucialdimensionsinshapinginternational  valuechains 3. Bestpracticesandoptionsformanagingtheinternationalvaluechain Glocal value creation in the Volkswagen Group: Moving toward greater decentralization of production and development 1. TheVolkswagenGroup’snewglobalstrategy 2.†¦show more content†¦areshowing alarmingweakness,havingrestedfortoolong onthelaurelsoftheirearliersuccessesandfailingtorecognizechangesthatweretakingplace inthemarket. solelybysuchfactorsascost-savingproduction,leanprocessdesignorinnovativecapacity.Inordertoprofitfromtheglobalmarket,a companymustbeabletocreateandmanagean internationalvaluenetworkanddelegatevalue functionstothepropersites.Thisappliesto salesandprocurementaswellastolaborand capitalmarkets. Despitepredictionsthatglobalizationwouldlead toahomogeneousworldmarketwithbarelydifferentiatedproducts,ithasbecomeclearthat culturaldifferencesstillplayamajorrolein customers’purchasingdecisionsandinthecommitmentofacompany’semployees.Moreover, therearesubstantialdifferencesintheproductionandquality-relatedprocessesneededinthe emergingmarketsrelativetotheindustrialized countries,andthisaffectseverythingfromproductuse,pricinganddevelopmentpotentialto distributionandcommunicationschannels. 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Israel Has Many Coastal Plains, Several Mountains, And Hills. The Coas Essay Example For Students

Israel Has Many Coastal Plains, Several Mountains, And Hills. The Coas Essay tal plains run parallel to the Mediterranean Sea and is made up of beaches, bordered by fertile land. In the north, there are sandy beaches and sandstone cliffs that drop to the sea. The coastal plain is home to over half of Israels population. The coastal plains also house most of Israels industry. Several mountain ranges run through Israel. In the northeast, are the Golan Heights, which were formed by volcanic eruptions. The hills of Galilee, made of limestone, reach to heights ranging from 1,600 to 4,000 feet above sea level. Small streams and little rainfall keep the area fertile. People, who live in Galilee and the Golan, work in agriculture, tourism-related jobs, and industry. The rolling hills of Samaria and Judea present rocky hilltops and fertile valleys dotted with age-old olive groves. The hillsides, first developed by farmers in ancient times, blend into the natural landscape. The population is mainly found in small urban areasand large villages. Continuing south, the region becomes an area of bare peaks, craters and plateaus, where the climate is drier and the mountains are higher. The northern areas of Israel are extremely fertile, while the southern part issemi-arid. Agriculture, fishing, light industry and tourism make up the areas mainsources of income. The Jordan River, flows north to south with a 186 mile route. It then empties into the Dead Sea. The river is usually narrow and shallow. The Arava, Israels savannah region, begins south of the Dead Sea and extends to theGulf of Eilat, Israels outlet to the Red Sea. The average annual rainfall is less than one inch and summer temperatures soar to 104 F. The Dead Sea, the lowest point on earth at about 1,300 feet below sea level, lies at the southern end of the Jordan Valley. Its waters have the highest level of salinity in the world. The Dead Sea is rich in potasium, magnesium and bromine, as well as table salts.

Male vs. Female Sexuality as seen by Collette in Gigi and The Cat free essay sample

The following paper takes a look at male and female sexuality as presented in Gigi and The Cat. This paper looks at how the literary French artiste Colette, in a duet of short stories, Gigi and The Cat, is able to explain some of the sexual nuances that make the sexes behave as they do; perhaps bringing some insight into our own present day relationships. From the paper: Light vs. Darkness, Muslim vs. Christian, North vs. South, Football vs. Oprah, conflicts such as these rage on in our 21st century society. Of all conflicts the one furthest from resolution and the most highly contested seems to be the age-old battle of male sexuality vs. female sexuality. What do the opposing ?dramatis personae? desire? How do they propose to attain it? Are the variances between the sexes really as vast as we?ve been led to believe? Through exquisite prose and imagery, the literary French artiste? Colette, in a duet of short stories Gigi and The Cat, is able to explain some of the sexual nuances that make the sexes behave as they do; perhaps bringing some insight into our own present day relationships . We will write a custom essay sample on Male vs. Female Sexuality as seen by Collette in Gigi and The Cat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

History and Facts About Alcatraz Prison

History and Facts About Alcatraz Prison Once considered the prison of American prisons, the island of Alcatraz in San Francisco Bay has been an asset to the U.S. Army, the federal prison system, jailhouse folklore, and the historical evolution of the West Coast. Despite its reputation as a cold and unforgiving penitentiary, Alcatraz is now one of the most prominent tourist magnets in San Francisco. In 1775, Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala chartered what is now San Francisco Bay. He called the 22-acre rocky island La Isla de los Alcatraces, meaning Island of the Pelicans. With no vegetation or habitation, Alcatraz was little more than a desolate islet occupied by the occasional swarm of birds. Under the English-speaking influence, the name Alcatraces became Alcatraz. Fort Alcatraz Alcatraz was reserved for military use under President Millard Fillmore in 1850. Meanwhile, the discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada Mountains brought growth and prosperity to San Francisco. The lure of the Gold Rush demanded the protection of California as gold seekers flooded the San Francisco Bay. In response, the U.S. Army built a fortress on the rocky face of Alcatraz. They made plans to install more than 100 cannons, making Alcatraz the most heavily armed entity on the West Coast. The first functional lighthouse on the West Coast was built on Alcatraz Island as well. Once fully equipped with weaponry in 1859, the island was deemed Fort Alcatraz. Having never fired its own weapons in combat, Fort Alcatraz quickly evolved from an island of defense to an island of detention. In the early 1860s, civilians arrested for treason during the Civil War were housed on the island. With the influx of prisoners, additional living quarters were built to house 500 men. Alcatraz as a jail would continue for 100 years. Throughout history, the average population of the island hovered between 200 and 300 people, never at maximum capacity. The Rock After the devastating San Francisco earthquake of 1906, inmates from nearby prisons were transferred to the infallible Alcatraz. Over the next five years, prisoners built a new jail, designated Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison, Alcatraz Island. Popularly known as The Rock, Alcatraz served as an army disciplinary barracks until 1933. Prisoners were educated and received military and vocational training here. Alcatraz of the early 20th century was a minimum-security prison. Prisoners spent their days working and learning. Some were even employed as babysitters for the families of prison officers. They eventually built a baseball field and inmates fashioned their own baseball uniforms. Boxing matches among inmates known as â€Å"Alcatraz Fights† were hosted on Friday nights. Prison life played a role in the changing landscape of the island. The military transported soil to Alcatraz from nearby Angel Island, and many prisoners were trained as gardeners. They planted roses, bluegrass, poppies, and lilies. Under the order of the U.S. Army, Alcatraz was a fairly mild institution and its accommodations were favorable. The geographic location of Alcatraz was the undoing of U.S. Army occupation. Importing food and supplies to the island was much too expensive. The Great Depression of the 1930s forced the army off the island, and the prisoners were transferred to institutes in Kansas and New Jersey. Uncle Sam’s Devil’s Island Alcatraz was obtained by the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1934. The former military detention center became America’s first maximum-security civilian penitentiary. This â€Å"prison system’s prison† was specifically designed to house the most horrendous prisoners, the troublemakers that other federal prisons could not successfully detain. Its isolated location made it ideal for the exile of hardened criminals, and a strict daily routine taught inmates to follow prison rule and regulation. The Great Depression witnessed some of the most heinous criminal activity in modern American history, and Alcatraz’s severity was well suited to its time. Alcatraz was home to notorious criminals including Al â€Å"Scarface† Capone, who was convicted of tax evasion and spent five years on the island. Alvin â€Å"Creepy† Karpis, the FBI’s first â€Å"Public Enemy,† was a 28-year resident of Alcatraz. The most famous prisoner was Alaskan murderer Robert â€Å"Birdman† Stroud, who spent 17 years on Alcatraz. Over its 29 years of operation, the federal prison housed more than 1,500 convicts. Daily life in the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary was harsh. Prisoners were given four rights. They included medical attention, shelter, food, and clothing. Recreational activities and family visits had to be earned through hard work. Punishments for bad behavior included hard labor, wearing a 12-pound ball and chain, and lock-downs where prisoners were kept in solitary confinement, restricted to bread and water. There was a total of 14 escape attempts by over 30 prisoners. Most were caught, several were shot, and a few were swallowed by the chilling swells of the San Francisco Bay. Why Did Alcatraz Close? The prison on Alcatraz Island was expensive to operate, as all supplies had to be brought in by boat. The island had no source of fresh water, and almost one million gallons were shipped in each week. Building a high-security prison elsewhere was more affordable for the Federal Government, and as of 1963 â€Å"Uncle Sam’s Devil’s Island† was no more. Today, the equivalent of the infamous federal prison on Alcatraz Island is a maximum-security institution in Florence, Colorado. It is nicknamed â€Å"Alcatraz of the Rockies†. Tourism Alcatraz Island became a national park in 1972 and is considered part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Open to the public in 1973, Alcatraz sees more than one million visitors from across the globe each year. Alcatraz is best known as a maximum-security prison. Media attention and fantastic stories have exaggerated this image. The San Francisco Bay islet has been much more than this. Alcatraz as a mass of rock named for its birds, an American fort during the Gold Rush, an army barracks, and tourist attraction may be less enticing but allude to a more dynamic existence. It is one to be embraced by San Francisco and California as a whole.